ꯀꯦꯂꯁꯤꯌꯝ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯀꯁꯨ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ.
ꯕꯛꯁꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯦꯆꯔꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯤꯌꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯅꯔꯦꯂꯅꯤ. ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯨꯄꯁꯤꯜꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯣꯗꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯦꯠ ꯁꯣꯜꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯐꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯏ-ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯁꯣꯗꯤꯌꯝ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯁꯣꯜꯌꯨꯁꯅꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯏꯝꯞꯔꯦꯒ꯭ꯅꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ; ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯐꯤꯜꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯐꯤꯜꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯨꯜ ꯇꯧꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯜꯂꯤ. ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ, ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯗꯤꯌꯝ ꯁꯣꯜꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯄꯤꯇꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯃꯒꯅꯤ; ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯄꯤꯇꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯃꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯡꯗꯣꯀꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ -ꯇꯥꯏꯞ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯔ ꯐꯪꯅꯕꯥ 950-1200 ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔꯗꯥ ꯀꯦꯂꯁꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯂꯁꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ -ꯇꯥꯏꯞ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥ. ꯑꯣꯏ꯫
ꯀꯦꯂꯁꯤꯅꯦꯗ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯜ ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯁꯗꯥ, ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯦꯛꯁꯥꯒꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯅꯛꯅꯥ ꯄꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯜ3+ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯀꯨꯄꯁꯤꯜꯂꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ ꯀꯣꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯁꯦꯟꯇꯔꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯌꯦꯟꯊꯣꯀꯏ{1}} ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯜꯇꯤꯡ ꯄꯣꯏꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯣꯏꯂꯤꯡ ꯄꯣꯏꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯏ. ꯀꯦꯂꯁꯤꯅꯦꯗ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤ. ꯃꯁꯤ ꯙꯥꯇꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯁꯤꯛ ꯔꯣ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯌꯦꯂꯅꯤ. ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯔꯤꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔꯤ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯁꯤꯡ, ꯔꯤꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯨꯁꯤꯕꯂꯁꯤꯡ, ꯔꯤꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔꯤ ꯇꯨꯕꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯥꯏ-ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯤꯔꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯏꯅꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯗꯁꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯑꯦꯕꯔꯦꯁꯤꯚ, ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯝ ꯔꯤꯇꯥꯔꯗꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ, ꯐꯤꯂꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ.; ꯍꯥꯏ-ꯄ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯀꯦꯂꯁꯤꯅꯦꯗ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯀꯣꯔꯟꯗꯝ, ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯔꯨꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯐꯥꯏꯌꯔ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯔꯣ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯌꯦꯂꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ; ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯣꯗꯔꯟ ꯂꯥꯔꯖ-ꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯁꯔꯛꯌꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡ. ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯗꯁꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫
γ-ꯇꯥꯏꯞ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ 140-150 ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯗꯤꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥ. ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥꯁꯨ ꯀꯧꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯚꯔꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯅꯥ ꯄꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ al3+ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯛꯇꯦꯍꯦꯗꯔꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯠꯔꯣꯜ ꯚꯣꯏꯗꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯀꯨꯄꯁꯤꯜꯂꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯅꯂꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯌꯦꯟꯊꯣꯀꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯂꯀꯥꯂꯤ ꯁꯣꯜꯌꯨꯁꯟ.ꯗꯥ 1200 ꯗꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯗꯥ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ , ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅꯥ ꯀꯦꯂꯁꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥ.ꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯟꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫
ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯦꯂꯁꯤꯌꯝ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯂꯨꯃꯤꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ. ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ, ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ, ꯑꯗꯣꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯐꯤꯜꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯉꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ.
